Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of animal plague in the Meriones unguiculatus plague foci of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (IMAR), China, so as to provide a scientific basis for plague prevention and control strategies. Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the surveillance data on the density of M. unguiculatus, the number of vectors, etiology, and serology of M. unguiculatus in the plague foci of IMAR from 2018 to 2022. Results In the M. unguiculatus plague foci of IMAR from 2018 to 2022, the mean density of M. unguiculatus was 2.45 individuals/hm ², the flea infestation rate of M. unguiculatus was 23.96%, and the flea index was 0.62. Yersinia pestis was isolated for five consecutive years. The Y. pestis detection rate of animals was 0.39%. The Y. pestis detection rate of vectors was 0.29%. The serological positive rate by indirect hemagglutination assay was 0.21%. Conclusions Plague was active in the M. unguiculatus plague foci of IMAR from 2018 to 2022. Routine surveillance should be strengthened to timely detect and control animal plague, so as to effectively reduce the intensity of animal plague and the risk of human plague.

Objective To investigate the molecular epidemiological characteristics of human brucellosis in Alxa league, Inner Mongolia autonomous region (Inner Mongolia), China. Methods The clinical isolates of suspected Brucella with a positive blood culture result during 2015 to 2019 were identified by conventional biological methods and multiplex PCR assay. The molecular epidemiological characteristics of Brucella were investigated using multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). Results Twenty-three suspected Brucella strains were isolated from the confirmed cases of brucellosis in Alxa league from 2015 to 2019, and were identified as B. melitensis biovar 3 using conventional biological methods and multiplex PCR assay. Among the 23 cases, herdsmen accounted for 30.43% (7/23) and farmers accounted for 39.13% (9/23), both of whom had a history of sheep contact. The positive rate of Brucella antibody in serum was 78.26% (18/23). The MLVA showed that the 23 strains had genotypes of the main epidemic B. melitensis strains in China. According to the three loci with differences, the strains isolated from Bayanmuren Sumu belonged mainly to one group, and the two strains from Jilantai town belonged to another group. The 23 strains were associated with the isolates from Ningxia, Liaoning, Shandong, Zhejiang, Shanghai, and Guangdong (provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the central government), and were not associated with isolates from its neighboring province Gansu. Conclusion The Brucella strains from Alxa league, Inner Mongolia are consistent with the epidemic strains of brucellosis in China, and are associated with the isolates from Ningxia, Liaoning, Shandong, Zhejiang, Shanghai, and Guangdong (provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the central government).

Objective To investigate dengue fever-related knowledge level and preventive behaviors and their influencing factors in the Dai people in China-Myanmar border areas, and to provide a scientific basis for community-based dengue fever prevention and control in the border areas. Methods From December 2017 to April 2018, dengue fever-related knowledge level and preventive behaviors of the Dai people and the influencing factors were investigated using sampling questionnaire survey (household survey of householders) combined with in-depth interview of key opinion leaders (KOLs) and participatory observation in three types of communities (classified according to the incidence of dengue fever in 2017, i.e., high, medium, and low or none) in Xishuangbanna (XSBN), Yunnan province, China and Shan State Special Region 4 (SR4), Myanmar. The awareness rates were compared using chi-square test, and the influencing factors were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression. Results A total of 259 and 261 questionnaires were completed in XSBN and SR4 of Myanmar, respectively. Eighteen KOLs were interviewed in depth. In XSBN, the proportion of householders who knew that spotted mosquitoes or Aedes mosquitoes are vectors for dengue fever and the proportion of householders who knew that water containers are breeding sites of Aedes mosquitoes and their larvae were 76.08% (95% CI:70.44%-81.23%) and 89.07% (95% CI:84.53%-92.70%), respectively; the proportion of households which were reported to have a habit of turning over pots was 94.64%(95% CI:91.20%-97.01%). In SR4 of Myanmar, the above three proportions were 14.29%(95% CI:10.19%-19.10%), 24.32%(95% CI:19.22%-30.02%) and 72.76%(95% CI:64.44%-79.83%), respectively. The dengue fever-related knowledge level and preventive behavior performance rate of the Dai people were significantly higher in XSBN than in SR4 of Myanmar ( χ ²=41.004, P<0.001). The results of a logistic regression analysis showed that there were a higher dengue fever vector control performance rate in communities historically struck by dengue fever ( OR=23.90, 95% CI:3.07-185.82) and a lower vector control performance rate in households taking agriculture as their main economic source ( OR=0.14, 95% CI:0.03-0.63) in XSBN. There was a lower vector control performance rate of households in communities historically struck by dengue fever in SR4 of Myanmar ( OR=0.08, 95% CI:0.02-0.36). Age, dengue fever-related knowledge level, and awareness of the disease of householders may also influence preventive behaviors against dengue fever in SR4 ( all, P<0.05). Conclusion The Dai people in XSBN have a higher knowledge level of dengue fever, but their preventive behaviors need to be maintained by strengthened management. The preventive behaviors of the inhabitants in SR4 of Myanmar need to be boosted by further communication for behavioral change in addition to reinforced organizational safeguard.

Objective To understand the living habits and facial Demodex infection of resident college students in a medical college in Wuhu city, and to provide advice for them to develop good hygienic habits. Methods One medical colleges and universities, in accordance with the principle of voluntary survey to Wuhu resident students using the scotch tape to paste the night method for creep mite etiology examination, and sets up a questionnaire on students' personal living habits, facial health situation, investigate the relevant factors such as diet, using Excel 2007 software for data collection, using SPSS 19.00 software for statistical analysis, The χ ² test was used for the analysis of infection rate. Results A total of 120 questionnaires were issued and 113 valid questionnaires were returned. Among them, 33 cases were positive for facial Demodex infection, with a total infection rate of 29.20%. The infection rates of male and female students were 29.63% and 28.81%, respectively, and the difference was not statistically significant ( χ ²=0.009, P=0.924). The χ ² test showed that the infection rate of Demodex was statistically significant ( χ ²=6.651, P=0.038) and it was high among those who ate greasy food. However, the infection rate of Demodex showed no significant difference between respondents with different lifestyles (all P>0.05). Conclusion Taste preference is related to the infection rate of facial demodex among resident students in the medical college in Wuhu. It is of great significance for the facial health of college students to urge them to develop good living and eating habits, which is conducive to the prevention and control of Demodex infection.

Objective To explore the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of human brucellosis epidemic in Hubei province, China, and to predict the incidence trend. Methods The spatial and temporal distribution of human brucellosis epidemic in Hubei province from 2007 to 2017 was investigated by traditional epidemiology, spatial epidemiology, and time series analysis, combined with SaTScan 9.4, ArcGIS 10.0, and SPSS 18.0 softwares. Results From 2010 to 2017, there were five areas with spatial-temporal clustering of brucellosis incidence in Hubei province; all cases occurred in 2015-2017. There was one class Ⅰ cluster area covering eight counties (districts) with a maximum scanning radius of 105.94 km, which was mainly distributed in Suizhou, Xiangyang, and Jingmen; the clustering time was April to July, 2015, and 113 cases were reported. There were four class Ⅱ cluster areas, mainly distributed in five cities (prefectures), i.e., Huanggang, Huangshi, Xianning, Wuhan, and Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, and covering nine counties (districts) in the southeast and west of Hubei province. The simple seasonal model based on the exponential smoothing method had a good fitting effect, and the incidence of brucellosis in Hubei province from January to June, 2018 was predicted to be slightly lower than that in the same period in 2016-2017. Conclusion The epidemic situation of brucellosis in Hubei province has entered into a rapid "rising period" from the lower "plateau stage". The brucellosis epidemic has spread to a wider area, and the epidemic situation tends to be complex, with some areas showing spatial- temporal clustering. With the simple seasonal model fitting, the predictive model of brucellosis incidence trend in Hubei province has a high prediction accuracy, which can be used to strengthen surveillance and early warning, and promptly adjust and improve the prevention and control strategy of brucellosis.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of echinococcosis in wild small mammals and to provide baseline data for its effective control and prevention. Methods The tools of clip traps or rope loops were used for trapping the small mammals at Shiqu county, Sichuan province, and then the captured animals were dissected to inspect the infections. SPSS 17.0 and ArcGIS10.1 softwares were applied to analyze the data and address the spatial distribution analysis. Results A total of 4 054 small mammals were collected with an average captured rate of 10.21% (4 054/39 720). The average density of small mammals was 188.56/hm ², and the average prevalence of echinococcosis was 4.93% (200/4 054). There were 2 232 plateau pika ( Ochotona curzoniae), 1 792 Qinghai voles ( Lasiopodomys fuscus)and 30 Tibetan hamsters (Cricetulus kamensis) among all the captured small mammals. The density of plateau pika population and its prevalence of echinococcosis were significantly higher than those of Qinghai voles ( t=2.920, P=0.004; χ ²=25.652, P=0.000). The density of small mammals (213.28/hm ²)in summer pastures was significantly higher than that in winter pastures (158.77/hm) ( t=4.340, P=0.000), and the infection rate in Qinghai voles in winter pastures (4.69%)was significantly higher than that in summer pastures (2.62%) ( χ ²=4.061, P=0.044). Following different months (April, June, August, October), the infection rates in plateau pika and Qinghai voles were rapidly increased ( χ _trend ²=12.109, P=0.000; χ _trend ²=3.415, P=0.038). Conclusion The small mammals with echinococcosis in Shiqu county are mainly plateau pika and Qinghai vole. And they are widely distributed with heavy density and high prevalence of echinococcosis. Effective control measures should be implemented to reduce the risk of transmission of alveolar echinococcosis.

Objective To research the serial toxic effects of 0.05% fipronil cockroach gel bait on adults and nymphs of Blattella germanica. Methods This experiment used pipette to offer insecticide in the first efficacy experiment; and the serial toxic effect experiment was conducted using the dead insect of last serial toxic effect experiment to feed the cockroach. Results The first to fourth secondary effects of tested insecticide on adults reached 100%, the fifth secondary effects from the remains amounted to 78.3%. Against nymphs, however, only the first two secondary effects reached 100%, the third and fourth mortality were only 48.3% and 15.0%. The results indicated that 0.05% fipronil cockroach gel bait can continuously controlB. germanica effectively and it was more effectively on adults than on nymphs. Conclusion Fipronil has a good serial toxic effect on B. germanica.

As one of common physical vectors, Musca domestica had an intimately relativity to both the environmental or psychological health and wellbeing of humans and animals. In this article, we provide both reviews of the active ingredients in botanical insecticides and clarifying the function mechanism of the active components. Moreover, the problems in research of botanical insecticides were analyzed in details. And a great prospect to exploit plant resources for development of botanical insecticides for controlling M. domestica were also discussed.

Objective To analyze epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of Plasmodium falciparum of Yandao rubber plant village, Gangao town, Nanpai zone of Mengbo county in the border areas of Myanmar, providing evidences for making effective control measurements to prevent P. falciparum cases import from frontier. Methods In the focus (Yandao rubber plant village), 23 households were checked by door to door in 30th Jun, 2014, malaria clinic case was investigated by epidemic case investigation in, malaria suspected case was tested by malaria rapid diagnosis test strips and microscope, and malaria vector was collected by lamp-traps. Results Total of 88 persons were tested, of those 65 P. falciparum positives were found by malaria rapid diagnosis test strips and 37 positives for microscope test; the ratio of gender was 1 (male):1.17 (female); the aged groups were ranged at 0-70 years old with the youngest 0.3 years old and the oldest 70 years old, 2 death cases;total of 111 individuals of 5 Anopheles species, of those 9 Anopheles minimus and 25 Anopheles sinensis were collected. The epidemic was controlled effectively by 65 P. falciparum cases standard treatment with Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine Phosphate, indoor insecticide residual spray with beta cyfluthrin and the other control measurements. Conclusion This epidemic belonged to an outbreak caused by P. falciparum in the border areas of Myanmar, above results suggested that the timely detection of outbreak and epidemic treatment would be strengthened in the border areas of Myanmar, in order to prevent the spread of the epidemic.

Objective The objective of this study was to determine the resistance of Culex pipiens pallens to commonly- used insecticides in Qidong city, Jiangsu to provide scientific evidences for its effective control. Methods Soaking method were used for measuring the insecticides resistance of Cx. pipiens pallens larva to deltamethrin, beta - cypermethrin, permethrin, parathion and fenobucarb. Results The resistance ratios of Cx. pipiens pallens to deltamethrin, beta - cypermethrin, permethrin, parathion and fenobucarb were 1.07, 0.56, 7.36, 6.85, 1.20, in Qidong city, in relation to susceptible population. Conclusion In Qidong city, Cx. pipiens pallens is susceptible to deltamethrin, beta-cypermethrin and fenobucarb, low resistance to permethrin and parathion.

Objective To investigate the susceptibility of Armigeres subalbatus to commonly used pesticides in Suqian city, Jiangsu province. Methods Dipping method was used to detect LC₅₀ of Suqian field population of Ar. subalbatus to abate, fenobucarb, deltamethrin, betacypermethrin and permethrin. Results The LC₅₀(mg/L)of Suqian population of Ar. subalbatus to abate, fenobucarb, deltamethrin, betacypermethrin and permethrin was 0.059 36, 2.563 5, 0.000 457 2, 0.000 443 2 and 0.001 701 respectively, was 7.24, 2.68, 0.21, 0.09, and 0.11 times of LC₅₀ of Suqian population of Cluex pipiens pallens collected from same site on same pesticides. Conclusion Compared with Suqian population of Cx. pipiens pallens, Ar. subalbatus was more resistant to organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides, more susceptible to pyrethroids. IPM was recommended in the control of Ar. subalbatus. Controlling larvae by eliminating of dirty water of vessels and ditches, using pyrethroids or B.t.i. or B. sphaericus biopesticide, were better than controlling adults of Ar. subalbatus, but chemical control on adults of Ar. subalbatus would be the first selection at high vector density or during epidemic period of vector diseases.

Objective To determine the fauna, population density, seasonality, and adverse impact of major vectors in the coastal areas of Jiangsu province, China, and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention of vector-borne diseases in Jiangsu coastal areas. Methods Six coastal counties/cities from Jiangsu province were chosen for surveillance of vectors, and cases of vector-borne diseases in the coastal areas in 2013 were retrospectively analyzed. Results The mean population densities of mosquitoes, flies, rats, and cockroaches in the study areas of Jiangsu province were 1.22 per light-hour, 19.78 per cage, 2.07%, and 0.33 per net, respectively, during June 2002 to 2013. Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), scrub typhus, and malaria were the most prevalent diseases in the coastal areas of Jiangsu. The incidence rates of the three diseases in 2013 (1.09/100 000, 1.53/100 000, and 0.76/100 000) were all higher than the average levels in Jiangsu province during the same period. Conclusion The climate and habitat changes in Jiangsu coastal areas may have significant influence on vectors and vector-borne diseases. We need to strengthen publicity and education of HFRS, scrub typhus, and malaria, promote vaccination, and develop pest control in coastal areas. The above measures can effectively reduce the incidence of vector-borne diseases.

Objective To identify the eclosion time of Culex pipiens pallens and Aedes albopictus for best getting the experimental females. Methods Rearing Cx. pipiens pallens and Ae. albopictus with standard rearing technique and study on numbers of females and males at different time of eclosion. Results The peak of adult emergence occured at 2nd and 3rd day after eclosion and most adults emergenced within 4 days. Adults was predominantly male about 2 d prior to adult eclosion. Two days later, females were the main part of emergenced adults. After all adults emergenced, gender ratio was close to 1:1. Conclusion Taking adults emergencing at 3-4 day will obtain high ratio of females which as materials for pesticide registration could meet the needs of experiment.

Objective To investigate the resistance dynamics of Musca domestica in the 26 years in Jinan city for the development of its control strategies. Methods The micro-drop method was used for bioassay of M. domestica collected in different years in different parts of the city to determine its resistance status and trends. Insecticides dissolved in acetone were applied topically on the thoracic notum of female adults. Results M. domestica in Jinan city and surrounding area in 1982 were susceptible to conventional pyrethrin chemicals. However, 26 years later, the susceptibility of M. domestica to conventional pyrethrin chemicals decreased to varying degrees. Compared with the susceptible strain, the resistance of field housefly to deltamethrn and to bata-cypermethrinwas was 75.00-211.67 and 25.52-116.21 folds in 2008 respectively, indicating that the degree of housefly resistance was at a medium or high level. Conclusion The resistance of M. domestica to pyrethrin chemicals in Jinan and the surrounding areas has developed to varying degrees. Strategies for the control of resistance should be developed based on the local conditions.

Objective To determine the efficacy and feasibility of synthetic amorphous silica against Dermanyssus gallinae. Methods Forced contact tests were used in accordance with GB/T 13917.1-2009. Results The 3% synthetic amorphous silica was painted on three types of board at 6 g a.i/m². For cement boards, the 24 h mortality was 100% and the residual efficacy lasted about 45 days; for silicate glass cotton board, the 24 h mortality was 100% and the residual efficacy lasted about 90 days; and for alkyd resin varnish boards, the 48 h mortality was 100% and the residual efficacy lasted about 60 days. Conclusion Synthetic amorphous silica was effective in the control of D. gallinae.

Objective To develop standard laboratory rearing techniques for Aedes albopictus in order to provide consistent, quality, standardized testing insects for use in pesticide experiments. Methods Using standard rearing techniques, the mosquitoes were bred under controlled rearing conditions. The reliability of multiregional rearing was examined based on the weight of female adults 3 days after eclosion from three batches of mosquitoes. Results All three batches resulting from standard rearing techniques yielded qualified Ae. albopictus based on the average weight, with high repeatability and low relative deviation (8.28%) of weights. As shown from the average weights of mosquitoes bred using different dietary formulas, all three approaches were applicable to different regions and the relative deviation was low (7.69%). Conclusion The rearing technique was repeatable and effective in developing weight-uniform Ae. albopictus for pesticide experiments.

Objective To determine the current resistance of Culex tritaeniorhynchus, vector of Japanese encephalitis (JE), to commonly used pesticides in Suzhou city, Jiangsu province. Methods Using the dipping method, the median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) values of deltamethrin, betacypermethrin, permethrin, biothrin, dichlorovos and propoxur were measured for the field population of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in Suzhou city. Results The LC₅₀ values of deltamethrin, betacypermethrin, permethrin, biothrin, dichlorovos and propoxur for Cx. tritaeniorhynchus were 0.0424, 0.1137, 0.2659, 0.6698, 2.4691 and 7.7017 mg/L, respectively. Intermediately resistant to biothrin, the strain was highly resistant to the other five agents with resistance ratios of more than 50, even 100, to the three pyrethroids. Conclusion In view of the low or higher resistance of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus to multiple pesticides, environmental and biological strategies in conjunction with auxiliary chemical approaches should be deployed for better control of this vector. Administration of pesticides and rational agricultural planning should be carried out based on the big picture. In the event of skyrocketing mosquito density or occurrence of JE epidemic, pesticides should be scientifically distributed and chemical control approaches intensified.

Objective To determine the current resistance of adult Culex pipiens pallens to commonly used pesticides in Jiangsu province, providing the evidence for better mosquito control. Methods The exposure tube method recommended by WHO was applied to measure the median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) for adult mosquitoes. Results The LC₅₀ for field-collected adult mosquitoes in Nanjing, Xuzhou, Lianyungang, Wuxi, Nantong and Huai’an were 0.0173%, 0.0756%, 0.0487%, 0.0070%, 0.0055% and 0.0150% to deltamethrin respectively, and 0.2128%, 0.2711%, 0.1130%, 0.1579%, 0.0504% and 0.0734% to permethrin, respectively. The LC₅₀ to betacypermethrin for field populations in Nanjing, Xuzhou, Lianyungang, Wuxi, Nantong, Huai’an and Suzhou were 0.0224%, 0.0420%, 0.0843%, 0.0023%, 0.0114%, 0.0180% and 0.0108% respectively. The LC₅₀ for Nanjing population to dichlorovos and propoxur were 0.0119% and 0.0129%, while the values for Nantong population to dichlorovos and propoxur were 0.0046% and 0.0077%, respectively. All of tested mosquitoes were intermediately to highly resistant to deltamethrin, with resistance coefficients greater than 100 times in Xuzhou and Lianyungang; lowly to highly resistant to betacypermethrin, with the resistance coefficient up to 94.7 times in Lianyungang in contrast to 2.6 times in Wuxi; and lowly to intermediately resistant to permethrin, with resistance ratios ranging from 11 to 15 times in Nanjing and Xuzhou, and 2.8 times in Nantong. Nanjing population were lowly resistant to propoxur (2.8 times) and sensitive to dichlorovos, while Nantong strains were susceptible to both propoxur and dichlorovos. Conclusion For adult mosquito control in Jiangsu province, the application of deltamethrin and betacypermethrin should be reduced along with increased administration of carbamates, such as propoxur, and organophosphorus pesticides such as dichlorovos. The findings here address consideration and integrated planning to chemical adult mosquito control for delaying or reducing the occurrence and development of pesticid resistance.

Objective To explore the effective strategies for strengthening malaria control and prevention for ethnic minorities in the remote and poor mountainous areas. Methods Community mobilization, biomedical and behavioral intervention for malaria control were undertaken to promote the local residents economical, geographical, informational and cultural accessibility. Results The residents’knowledge on malaria transmission and prevention, symptoms and medical consultation got increased significantly. Compared with the parameters before the intervention，the odds ratios(OR)of people sleeping in insecticide- treated mosquito nets(ITNs)the night before the final evaluation survey, febrile patients seeking medical attention within 24 hours of onset, and utilizing the public health services for treatment were 37.85%(95％CI: 27.69%-51.88%), 22.28%(6.06%-96.87%) and 7.94%(1.78%-49.54%)respectively. The OR of the annual incidence, the smear positive rate of febrile patients and the indirect fluorescence antibody positive rate of people with a history of fever in the past year were 0.16%(0.08%-0.32%), 0.20% (0.10%-0.39%)and 0.34%(0.22%-0.51%)respectively. Conclusion Community mobilization in combination with biomedical and behavioral interventions for the control and prevention of malaria can effectively lower the incidence and prevalence of malaria in the local area.

Objective To explore the test methods for ant bites and to determine the killing effect of imidacloprid baits against Monomorrium pharaonis. Methods Laboratory test, simulated field test and field test were carried out. Results The LT50 value of 0.03% imidacloprid baits for M. pharaonis was 21.10 h, with a 7 d mortality of 100%. In the simulated field test, all of 4 queen ants were killed at day 5, while 100% of ergates died at day 6. In the field test, the density of M. pharaonis reduced to 98.42% at the 14 day. Conclusion Using M. pharaonis as the subject, the laboratory and simulated field test were applicable for ant baits, and 0.03% imidacloprid baits had favorable killing effect against M. pharaonis, which could be used for residential termite control.

Objective To determine the resistance of Culex pipiens pallens larvae to commonly used insecticides in parts of Jiangsu province, providing the guidance on proper administration of mosquito control agents. Methods Using 7 common chemical pesticides, the resistance of Cx. pipiens pallens larvae in Nanjing, Nantong and Huaian regions of Jiangsu province was measured by larval impregnation. Results Compared with the laboratory susceptible strain, the Cx. pipiens pallens larvae from Nanjing, Nantong and Huaian each had the highest resistance to dichlorvos, while the populations from Nantong and Huaian had the lowest resistance to permethrin. The Nanjing population had the lowest resistance to bioallethrin, and similar resistance to permethrin. Conclusion Suitable insecticides should be used for prevention and control of mosquito larvae, taking into account the regional resistance. To properly apply insecticides, dichlorvos, propoxur, and temephos which mosquitoes are highly resistant to should be gradually replaced by pyrethroids.

Objective The  source  of  noticeably  increased  blood  cells  in  third?instar  Musca domestica larvae  infected  with Escherichia coli (E. coli) was investigated. Methods Changes in the total hemolymph counts (THC) of the third?instar M. domestica larvae infected with E. coli in 4, 8 and 16 h and those of the control group were followed and compared. A flow cytometry was used to identify the changes in the blood cell cycle of the third?instar larvae of each group before and after infection. Results The THCs in 4, 8 and 16 h after infection were significantly elevated compared with that in the control group. Peaking in 8 h after infection, the highest THC reached (38 920±2274)/μl. The blood cell proliferation index (PI) of the control group was 15.98%. After infection, the G2/M phase and S phase cells increased in each group with significantly increased PI values. Peaking in 4 h after infection, the highest PI value reached 44.34%. Conclusion The blood cells of M. domestica larvae have the ability to divide as a supplement to the hematopoietic function.

Objective To study the evaluation methods of larvicides registration and field test.Methods Larvae were collected from breeding sites in the external environment or adult mosquitoes were trapped to oviposit in man-made areas.Results The relative population index(RPI)of larvae from breeding sites was under 5 after treatment by 1%temephos granules for 4 weeks,which had a good control effect.RPI of larvae from wasted tyres was also less than 5 after treatment for 4 weeks,while it was under 10 after treatment for 3 weeks in cement pool.Conclusion The field control effect and registration of quick-acting insecticides could be evaluated by the above mentioned two methods.

【Abstract】 Objective To study the evaluation methods of larvicides registration and field test. Methods Larvae were collected from breeding sites in the external environment or adult mosquitoes were trapped to oviposit in man-made areas. Results  The relative population index (RPI) of larvae from breeding sites was under 5 after treatment by 1% temephos granules for 4 weeks, which had a good control effect. RPI of larvae from wasted tyres was also less than 5 after treatment for 4 weeks, while it was under 10 after treatment for 3 weeks in cement pool. Conclusion The field control effect and registration of quick-acting insecticides could be evaluated by the above mentioned two methods.

【Abstract】 Objective To observe the change of protein in the hemlymph and DNA and RNA in the tissue from the 3rd stage larva of Musca domestica  before and after diapause. To explore the biochemistry mechanism of M.domestica larvae diapause. Methods The diapause of  the 3rd stage larva of M.domestica  was inducted by low temperature.（1）The change of hemlymph protein in the diapause and the nondiapause groups were observed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis?SDS. （2） The RNA and DNA in the tissue of the diapause and the nondiapause groups were extracted and the contents were determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometer. Results （1） The numbers of protein straps in the diapause groups  were similar to that in nondiapause group.But the content of the protein in the groups after diapause for 20 d was obviously higher than that in the  nondiapause group. The optical density value was 203 475.69 at 85 kd.（2）The DNA content in all diapause groups was much lower than that of nondiapause group. The RNA content obviously decreased after diapause for 10 d and 15 d, but it obviously increased after diapause for 20 d. The contents of RNA and DNA after diapause for 10 d and 15 d decreased to 0.598, 0.546 μg/mg, but they increased to 1.337 μg/mg  after  diapause for 20 d.   Conclusion Perhaps  there  was no diapause associated protein in diapause M.domestica larva. The decrease and increase of the proportion of RNA to DNA could be as the signal of beginning and ending of M.domestica larva diapause.

Objective To explore the influence of Escherichia coli infection on the activity of three enzymes in serum of the Musca domestica larva.Methods(1) The colorimetry was used to determine the activity of acidic phosphatase(ACP) and catalase(CAT) in the 3rd stage larva of M.domestica after infected by E.coli for different times,respectively.(2) PAGE was used to assay the activity of diphenol oxidase(DPO) in the 3rd stage larva after infection for different times.Results(1) The activities of both ACP and CAT in larvae serum were all much higher than that of the control after infection for 4,8,16 and 24 h( P<0.01),and the peak of two enzymes activity were at 8 h and 16 h after infection,which were(107.9±3.5)U/100 ml and(174.6±4.7)U/ml respectively,and then it gradually decreased.(2) DPO existed in the M.domestica larva,and its activity began to increase after infection for 4 h.The peak of enzyme activity appeared after infection for 16 h with the value of 98 805.39,and then it gradually decreased.Conclusion The activities of the ACP,CAT and DPO in serum of the 3rd stage larva of M.domestica enhanced after infected by E.coli,which suggested that three enzymes played an important defense role in the process of microorganism infection.

Objective The hemocytes of the 3 ^rd instar larva of Musca domestica were observed and classified with fluorescent staining methods and phase contrast microscope. Methods The hemocytes of the 3 ^rd instar larva of M.domestica were stained by acridine orange(AO) and propidium iodide(PI) and the morphologic characteristics were observed and classified. Results (1) The hemocytes of the 3 ^rd instar larvae of M.domestica were divided into prohemocyte, plasmatocyte, granulocyte, sphrulocyte and oenocytoid. The plasmatocytes were divided into big nucleus hematocyte and micronucleus hematocyte. (2) The prohemocyte was easily identified with phase contrast microscope, but its character was not notable by fluorescent staining methods. (3) The granulocyte and big nucleus plasmatocyte, sphrulocyte and micronucleus plasmatocyte were confusable with phase contrast microscope, but they were easily distinguished with fluorescent microscope. Conclusion The fluorescent staining methods combined with phase contrast microscope can be used to observe unknown morphologic characterstics of the insect hemocytes, and the hemocytes of the 3 ^rd instar larva of M.domestica could be accurately divided into five types.

Objective To test the toxicity and attractive actions of sulfluramid baits on the workers of Reticulitermes flaviceps.Methods The toxic effects of sulfluramid baits on the workers of R.flaviceps were tested by the method of filter paper-dipping chemical solution,and the attractive action of sulfluramid baits on the workers of R.flaviceps were tested using agar as the barrier.Results The 0.05% and 0.08% sulfluramid baits had high toxicities on the workers of R.flaviceps and 100% mortalities were at 13 days and 9 days after treatment respectively.The 0.05% and 0.08% sulfluramid baits had good attractive action on the workers of R.flaviceps and the rates of workers visiting these two baits were at least 20% higher than that of the control baits(pine wood).Conclusion It is recommended to use 0.05% sulfluramid bait for termite control in the field.

Objective To observe the antibacterial characterization and component of the antibacterial proteins in the Musca domestica larva by different inducements.Methods Several different bacteria were used as detecting index to detect the antibacterial activity of antibacterial proteins which is induced by five inducements.SDS-PAGE was used as detecting index to observe the proteins compared with the control group.Results These antibacterial proteins could inhabit many bacteria(including some Grame-positive,Grame-negative bacteria and rifampin resistant E.coli),but the antibacterial activities were different.The antibacterial proteins induced by five inducements had two same component compared with the control group,but their content were different,and different new proteins appeared at differernt induced group.Conclusion The antibacterial proteins of the Musca domestica larva by different inducements could inhibit diversiform bacteria.Different inducements could induce same proteins and different new proteins.

Objective To investigate the inducement of the antibactarial materal from the Musca domestica larvae to the A ₃₇₅ apoptosis to explore it is antitumor mechanism.Methods The effects of the antibactarial materal from the(M.domestica) larvae on the cell cycle and apoptosis of A ₃₇₅ were measured by flow cytometry.The morphology of apoptosis cells was observed with the hematoxylin-eosin stainings,and the apoptosis index(AI) was measured.Results Of the A ₃₇₅ cell cycle,percentage of G ₂/M was increased,and the percentage of S was decreased in the group treated by 0.10% the antibactarial material.The percentage of G ₀/G ₁,G ₂/M and AI/PI were much increased,both the percentage of S and PI were much decreased in the(0.50%) group.In the 2.50% groups,the percentage of S,PI,AI/PI and apoptosis were significantly increased,the percentage of G ₀/G ₁ was much decreased.At the 12.50% group,the percentage of G ₂/M,PI,AI/PI and apoptosis were significantly increased,the percentage of G ₀/G ₁ and S were much decreased.Conclusion The antibactarial materal of the M.domestica larvae could inhibited and killed the A ₃₇₅ cell.The growth of A ₃₇₅ may be inhibited by the antibactarial materal blocking cell cycle and inducing the apoptosis of cell.